What is at the root of slavery, unemployment, and disregard for nature and goods held in common? Corruption, a process of death that feeds the culture of death. –Pope Francis, February 2018 prayer intention
In you, they take bribes to shed blood; you take both advance interest and accrued interest, and make gain of your neighbors by extortion; and you have forgotten me, says the Lord.– Ezekiel 22:12
Many countries with high levels of natural resource wealth also have higher rates of income inequality. This is known as the “resource curse,” or the “paradox of plenty.” This paradox exists due to weak policies and high levels of corruption.
Corruption can drive conflicts, disenfranchise communities from public services and infrastructure, encourage or prop up autocratic governments, indebt countries, and make communities dependent on imports when previously they were more self-sufficient. Women and children experience unique ramifications of corruption such as more difficult access to education, job loss, and trafficking. While we are focusing here on extractive industries, corruption is possible in relation to any development project.
Conflict minerals: Both government forces and opposition movements may use natural resource wealth to fund armed conflict such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Afghanistan.
Natural resource revenue corruption: Profits from royalties, taxes, and other financial flows from corporations to governments may end up in the hands of corrupt officials, especially at the local level, rather than the government coffers. In countries where this is a problem, payments from corporations are very opaque. In some cases, shell companies are established where the company owners are not known. These companies make it easy for individuals to launder money for illegal activities such as human and drug trafficking through legitimate investments such as mining or oil operations. They also make it harder to hold a company or its owner responsible for negative environmental or social impacts.
As part of the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial reforms, Congress included an amendment to create more transparency in the supply chain related to minerals in Africa’s Great Lakes region. “Section 1502” addresses conflict minerals.
The reforms also included “section 1504” or the Cardin-Lugar amendment. This amendment requires oil, gas and mining companies listed in U.S. stock exchanges to disclose how much money they are paying to governments in the form of taxes and royalties. Both of these laws, while under threat, have spurred other countries to establish similar laws.
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This resource was developed by the Inter-religious Working Group on Extractive Industries in Washington, DC.
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